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摘 要 脑肿瘤患者常共病睡眠障碍,损害日间功能,影响患者生存质量及预后。脑肿瘤共病睡眠障碍的临床表现以失眠和日间过度思睡为主,发生机制目前尚不明确,可能受肿瘤部位及类型、神经递质异常及情绪障碍等多种因素影响。认知行为干预等非药物治疗手段和个体化的药物治疗对缓解脑肿瘤患者的睡眠障碍均有效果,适度运动亦可进一步改善脑肿瘤患者睡眠症状和长期预后。本文对脑肿瘤共病睡眠障碍的临床表现、危险因素、评估工具及干预措施等方面研究进展进行总结和讨论,以期增强对该病的认识,为脑肿瘤共病睡眠障碍的早期识别与治疗提供临床参考。
关键词
脑肿瘤;睡眠障碍;失眠;日间过度思睡;睡眠相关呼吸障碍
脑肿瘤是起源于颅内或由其他部位转移至颅内的肿瘤,年发病率约24.71/10万,约占全身肿瘤的1.4%[1],术后5年综合生存率低于30%[2]。研究发现,脑肿瘤患者中睡眠障碍发生率较高,睡眠障碍表现和类型趋于多样化,可显著影响手术疗效和患者生存质量,但二者间的关联机制尚不明确。既往研究[3-5]表明57%~81.8%的脑肿瘤患者睡眠质量差,存在多种类型睡眠障碍。《国际睡眠障碍分类标准》[6]将睡眠障碍分为七类:失眠、中枢性过度嗜睡、睡眠相关呼吸障碍、昼夜节律失调性睡眠觉醒障碍、异态睡眠、睡眠相关运动障碍及其他睡眠障碍。由此,本文对脑肿瘤共病睡眠障碍的临床表现、危险因素及干预措施进行综述,总结相关进展。
1 脑肿瘤共病睡眠障碍的临床表现
1.1 失眠 研究[7]表明失眠是脑肿瘤患者中最常见的睡眠障碍类型,可表现为入睡困难、睡眠维持困难和早醒等。失眠与脑肿瘤特征关联性的研究结果有限。在原发性脑肿瘤患者中,恶性脑肿瘤患者较良性者失眠患病率更高(61.8% vs. 54.3%)[4];在肿瘤类型中,横断面调查显示,未治疗的垂体神经内分泌肿瘤、脑膜瘤和复发脑膜瘤患者中,失眠患病率分别为45.5%、47.7%及46.8%[8-9];而在肿瘤部位方面,鞍上肿瘤患者失眠患病率与非鞍上者相似(64.5% vs. 61.1%)[4]。存在双侧脑肿瘤的患者失眠程度更重,但手术切除肿瘤可改善其失眠严重程度[10]。另外,研究证实即使接受抗肿瘤治疗,失眠仍可作为共病长期存在于不同类型脑肿瘤患者中[11]。垂体神经内分泌肿瘤患者术后1个月随访显示失眠严重程度增加33%[12];脑膜瘤患者术后12个月和48个月共病失眠者占比62.50%和52%[13];胶质瘤术后120个月评估显示46.8%~71.3%的患者长期存在失眠[9,14]。共病失眠与脑肿瘤患者预后不佳也有关[15]。韩国一项大样本队列(n=4851)数据[16]表明,原发性脑肿瘤患者术后合并失眠者高达85%,其肿瘤复发死亡风险提高77%,术后失眠严重程度与患者2年内死亡发生呈正相关。
利用客观睡眠评估手段的研究中,体动仪监测发现胶质瘤患者的睡眠潜伏期延长(入睡困难)、睡眠效率下降(睡眠维持困难)[17]。多导睡眠监测(polysomnography,PSG)在脑肿瘤共病失眠的研究报道较少且受试者混杂因素较多[18]。综上,仍需更多的客观证据以明确不同脑肿瘤特征与失眠的内在关联。
1.2 中枢性过度嗜睡 日间过度思睡(excessive daytime sleepiness,EDS)是中枢性过度嗜睡的核心表现,指在一天需要保持清醒的时间段内无法维持清醒和警觉,出现不能抑制的睡眠需求,甚至不由自主地进入睡眠,可伴注意力和记忆力减退[19-20]。使用主观量表Epworth嗜睡量表(Epworth sleepiness scale,ESS)筛查发现4.9%的原发性脑肿瘤患者有EDS症状(即ESS量表评分>10分)[4];使用安德森脑肿瘤症状评估量表评估发现21.8%的继发性脑肿瘤患者存在中重度日间嗜睡[21]。EDS常出现在鞍区、基底节、下丘脑和脑干受累的脑肿瘤患者中,如颅咽管瘤,垂体神经内分泌肿瘤等[19,22]。PSG和日间多次小睡潜伏期试验(multiple sleep latency test,MSLT)提示此类患者中约有50%~83%合并EDS[23-24],在儿童患者中比例更高[22-23,25]。
需要关注的是,儿童原发性脑肿瘤共病继发性发作性睡病的患病率约为1.67%,显著高于一般人群儿童中发作性睡病的患病率(0.4/10万~24/10万)[19,26]。肿瘤可压迫下丘脑分泌素神经元,导致脑脊液中下丘脑分泌素水平显著下降,从而引起继发性发作性睡病(1型)[27],而部分患者肿瘤切除或行相关治疗后,下丘脑分泌素水平恢复到了正常范围,EDS症状好转[28-30]。PSG和MSLT研究证实,颅咽管瘤患者中继发性发作性睡病的共病率可达14.3%~35%,超重及下丘脑受累是其发生的危险因素[23,31]。此外,有报道[32]1例成人颞叶海马区II级胶质瘤患者并发继发性发作性睡病(2型),术后ESS评分由16分降低至3分。然而,手术治疗对改善鞍区肿瘤患者EDS的结果尚不一致,可能与筛查量表不同有关[12],因此建议统一应用于PSG和MSLT进行评估。
此外,鞍区肿瘤引发的褪黑素分泌节律异常及内分泌异常,可导致患者发生昼夜节律失调性睡眠觉醒障碍和体重快速增加相关的睡眠相关呼吸障碍(sleep-related breathing disorder,SBD),并进一步出现EDS,尤其是在儿童患者中更为显著[31,33-34]。
1.3 SBD SBD是指睡眠中发生异常呼吸事件为特征的一组与睡眠相关的呼吸疾病。有meta分析合并儿童脑肿瘤患者术后PSG结果,发现约64%患儿共病SBD[35]。脑肿瘤相关的SBD包括阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停(obstructive sleep apnea,OSA)、中枢性睡眠呼吸暂停(central sleep apnea,CSA)和混合性睡眠呼吸暂停,可引起睡眠中间歇性低氧、高碳酸血症以及睡眠结构紊乱[36]。OSA常由上气道解剖狭窄导致,以睡眠打鼾伴呼吸暂停为主要临床表现。CSA是由于呼吸驱动缺乏或异常所致的通气功能障碍,表现为夜间反复出现的呼吸减弱或停止,口鼻气流和胸腹运动同时消失,仅占所有SBD的10%以下,但多见于中枢神经系统占位性病变[37]。
SBD患者常以EDS为主诉,在脑肿瘤中也应注意这一点。有研究[22]对术后合并EDS的原发性脑肿瘤患儿进行PSG监测发现其呼吸暂停低通气指数(apnea hypopnea index,AHI)普遍异常,符合SBD诊断者达58.1%,其中0~12岁组为83.3%(AHI>1次/h)、12~18岁组为40%(AHI>5次/h),而超重及鞍区肿瘤是SBD发生的危险因素。当脑肿瘤累及鞍区、下丘脑、基底节、脑干等部位时,需警惕CSA或混合型睡眠呼吸暂停的发生[22,38]。而在成人患者中,使用OSA相关的STOP-BANG问卷,发现OSA严重程度和脑肿瘤患者的不良预后相关,可考虑将OSA作为脑肿瘤术后30 d和90 d再入院的评估指标之一[39-40]。
1.4 其他症状 脑肿瘤患者共病睡眠障碍还可表现为昼夜节律紊乱及快速眼动睡眠行为障碍(rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder,RBD)等。体动仪监测发现原发性恶性和良性脑肿瘤中分别有70%和57.7%的患者存在昼夜节律紊乱[4],在垂体瘤和脑膜瘤患者中则为59.3%[8]。昼夜节律紊乱的发生可能与鞍区病变影响到食欲素及褪黑素等神经递质的分泌有关[41-42],临床工作中需注意与EDS相鉴别。
RBD是一种发生于快速眼动(rapid eye movement,REM)睡眠期的异态睡眠,在一般人群中患病率为0.4%~0.5%[43]。目前脑肿瘤共病RBD的研究多为病例报道。1例脑干淋巴瘤患者术前诊断RBD,临床表现为生动的梦境伴暴力行为,术后症状得以明显改善[44]。另有研究[45]回顾分析了8例脑肿瘤共病RBD患者的影像学结果,发现RBD的发生或与脑干及边缘系统的病变有关。RBD本身可视为α-突触核蛋白病相关的神经变性疾病的早期阶段,纵向研究发现超过90%的RBD患者在随访10年后可发展为神经变性疾病(如帕金森病、路易体痴呆和多系统萎缩)[46],但脑肿瘤共病RBD的患者远期进展为神经变性疾病的风险目前尚无文献证据。
2 脑肿瘤共病睡眠障碍的危险因素
2.1 脑肿瘤发生、进展 脑肿瘤的发生可能引发新的睡眠障碍,睡眠障碍的类型和特征和肿瘤位置之间存在一定关联[47]。当脑肿瘤压迫松果体区并导致褪黑素分泌异常,可出现昼夜节律失调性睡眠觉醒障碍[48];如肿瘤位于第三脑室,影响核心体温调节昼夜节律,从而干扰睡眠-觉醒周期性稳态[47];此外,位于中线附近的脑肿瘤可增加继发性发作性睡病的患病风险[19],且累及下丘脑程度越重、风险越高[23]。另外,部分患者(62%[3])在肿瘤发病前已罹患睡眠障碍,随着脑肿瘤进展,失眠不断加重,夜间总睡眠时间进一步缩短、睡眠中觉醒频率持续增加[49-50]。
2.2 抗肿瘤治疗 手术切除[12,14,51-52]、放射治疗[53-55]及皮质醇等药物的应用[3,9]均可影响脑肿瘤患者的睡眠-觉醒稳态。睡眠调节通路中关键的神经核团或投射受到肿瘤侵袭和(或)手术损伤,脑肿瘤患者可出现不可逆的睡眠障碍[22]。当视交叉上核受损时,褪黑素分泌减少,致使睡眠质量下降、节律异常[56];而下丘脑受累时,则可出现下丘脑分泌素下降并引起继发性发作性睡病或继发下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺皮质功能减退,均表现为EDS[33,56]。一项研究分析颅咽管瘤患者术后唾液中皮质醇浓度变化时发现,患者傍晚及夜间皮质醇水平异常升高,并与夜间觉醒次数增多和总睡眠时间减少相关[56]。此外,儿童原发性脑肿瘤患者术后SBD的患病率较术前明显增高(64% vs. 4.6%)[4,35],提示手术可能影响了患儿的睡眠呼吸调节[24]。
超过90%的胶质瘤患者在术后接受放疗时出现了EDS合并疲劳和日间功能下降[57],放疗2周时达到峰值,并持续至放疗结束后10周[57]。放疗后EDS的发生可能与放疗剂量高(>30 Gy)[19]或相关的垂体-肾上腺皮质激素分泌功能受损有关[58]。此外,放疗相关的不良反应,如上呼吸道肌肉纤维化及神经肌肉的放射损伤,有可能导致脑肿瘤患者的OSA风险增加[59]。但目前结果仍有争议[54],未来需更多临床研究。
脑肿瘤常用药物皮质类固醇主要用于控制瘤周血管源性水肿,还具有止吐和镇痛作用[60]。皮质类固醇是下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴(hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis,HPA)兴奋的主要效应物,可兴奋性调节促进觉醒的神经核团,导致上行网状激动系统(ascending reticular activating system,ARAS)被过度激活,睡眠需求降低。一项针对复发胶质瘤患者的研究[9]表明术后使用皮质类固醇的脑肿瘤患者较未使用者,失眠患病率更高(58.5% vs. 38.4%),且失眠症状较重者皮质类固醇的使用比例较高(中度失眠57%,重度失眠 85%)。
2.3 情绪障碍和疲劳 脑肿瘤患者共病情绪障碍的风险较一般人群高[5,61],是引起或加重脑肿瘤患者睡眠障碍的重要危险因素。焦虑、抑郁等情绪障碍与脑肿瘤患者手术前后的睡眠改变显著相关。抑郁情绪量表(hospital depression and anxiety scale-depression,HADS-D)评分发现原发性恶性脑肿瘤患者抑郁症状良性者更为严重[4,62],与其术前睡眠障碍严重程度呈正相关[4]。在胶质瘤中,患者睡眠质量仅在术后有短期改善,担心肿瘤复发的焦虑情绪长期可损害患者的睡眠质量并导致慢性失眠[51],但原发性良性脑肿瘤患者无此种情况[4]。情绪障碍也可影响儿童脑肿瘤患者睡眠,研究证实髓母细胞瘤患儿情绪低落程度与睡眠潜伏期延长、夜间觉醒增多及睡眠效率降低相关[63]。
此外,脑肿瘤患者疲劳症状与睡眠障碍密切相关,脑肿瘤患者因疲劳减少运动可加重其睡眠障碍[64],二者共病率较高。在复发胶质瘤中,80%以上共病失眠的患者同时存在疲劳[9]。目前提出脑肿瘤患者疲劳与睡眠障碍的双向机制假说,多项研究均表明HPA轴调节异常可能同时影响脑肿瘤患者睡眠障碍及疲劳程度[9,17,65]。
3 脑肿瘤共病睡眠障碍的评估工具
3.1 睡眠问卷及量表 脑肿瘤中睡眠障碍评估以问卷为主,经验证可量化评估肿瘤患者睡眠质量和筛查具体的睡眠障碍,临床操作简易便捷。匹兹堡睡眠质量指数(Pittsburgh sleep quality index,PSQI)[66]、失眠严重程度指数(insomnia severity index,ISI)[67]、艾普沃斯嗜睡量表(Epworth sleepiness scale,ESS)[68]及快速眼动睡眠行为障碍量表(REM sleep behavior disorder questionnaire,RBDQ)[69]等问卷中文版信效度良好,都已广泛用于脑肿瘤患者的睡眠研究[70-72]。PSQI用于评估受试者最近1个月的睡眠质量[73],包括主观睡眠质量、睡眠潜伏期、睡眠持续性、习惯性睡眠效率、睡眠紊乱、使用睡眠药物和白天功能紊乱等亚项[74]。ISI用于评估患者最近4周内失眠的类型、严重程度、影响因素以及睡眠干预后效果[75],反映入睡困难、睡眠维持困难、早醒、日常功能影响、睡眠满意度、其他人对睡眠问题的关注度、睡眠问题导致的苦恼程度[75]。ESS评估患者最近几周内EDS的程度,包括8个日常情境(坐着阅读、看电视、公共场所静坐、乘车等[76])。RBDQ用于评估RBD相关睡眠异常的严重程度,由13个问题组成,通过询问患者近3月梦境内容及相关的梦境演绎行为的频率来评估其是否存在RBD。
3.2 多导睡眠监测 PSG作为睡眠评估的金标准,是诊断SBD、继发性发作性睡病、RBD等睡眠障碍的关键手段。因此,对于出现ESS、RBDQ评分结果异常及严重打鼾的脑肿瘤患者应考虑完善PSG,以明确诊断。
3.3 体动仪 体动仪(actigraphy)是一种非侵入性身体活动周期的记录设备,可通过监测身体活动的情况客观测量睡眠时间和周期,在脑肿瘤共病昼夜节律失调性睡眠觉醒障碍的评估中具有一定价值。
4 脑肿瘤共病睡眠障碍的干预措施
4.1 非药物治疗 针对脑肿瘤共病失眠者,非药物治疗主要包括睡眠卫生教育和针对失眠的认知行为治疗(cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia,CBT-I)[7]。对患者进行睡眠教育可以提高其睡眠行为的管理能力,从而减少不良的睡眠习惯[77]。CBT-I在目前指南中被推荐为癌症相关睡眠障碍的一线治疗,可以有效纠正患者错误的睡眠认知与不恰当的行为因素[78],85.3%的原发性脑肿瘤患者接受(远程)CBT-I治疗后失眠改善[71]、焦虑抑郁症状减轻[71]。针对脑肿瘤共病EDS者,可考虑反向CBT-I疗法,即充足的夜间睡眠及日间规律小睡[27,79]。
4.2 药物治疗 脑肿瘤共病睡眠障碍应在明确睡眠障碍类型的基础上制定精准化个体治疗方案。目前用于治疗脑肿瘤共病失眠的促眠药物有苯二氮䓬类、非苯二氮䓬类药物及褪黑素受体激动剂等[7,80]。苯二氮䓬类药物如地西泮、阿普唑仑、氯硝西泮等,具有镇静、催眠、抗焦虑及肌肉松弛等作用[7],慎用于有OSA、EDS和认知减退的患者。非苯二氮䓬类药物(如佐匹克隆、右佐匹克隆、唑吡坦等)不良反应较苯二氮䓬类药物轻,近年来已经成为治疗失眠的常规选择[7]。但是目前尚无佐匹克隆/右佐匹克隆针对脑肿瘤共病失眠治疗的临床随机对照试验(randomized controlled trial,RCT)研究。既往小样本研究中使用唑吡坦10 mg(或联合25 mg曲唑酮)可以有效改善原发性脑肿瘤患者失眠症状、提高患者睡眠质量、减少失眠造成的日间功能损害[81]。但近期多项研究报道唑吡坦可显著增加18~64岁服药人群口腔肿瘤的患癌风险和全因死亡风险[82-84],其对脑肿瘤的影响尚不明确,因此应在充分考虑患者病情的前提下谨慎使用。松果体区脑肿瘤可能导致褪黑素水平下降,外源性褪黑素后可有效改善患者失眠症状[85]。褪黑素激动剂雷美替胺在失眠患者中的治疗效果已得到确认[7,86],但在脑肿瘤共病失眠群体中的疗效有待评估。此外,情绪障碍也可能影响脑肿瘤共病失眠的情况,但目前尚无相关的临床治疗对比研究。
脑肿瘤共病EDS及继发性发作性睡病患者应首选手术切除占位,解除脑肿瘤对睡眠-觉醒调控区域的压迫并辅以对症治疗。使用兴奋性药物,如莫达非尼、哌甲酯等[31]可以不同程度改善颅咽管瘤患者继发性发作性睡病的EDS症状。替洛利生作为治疗发作性睡病的一线药物,可以改善EDS、猝倒、睡眠幻觉等症状[27],但目前仅有1例个案报道替洛利生治疗颅咽管瘤术后合并继发性发作性睡病,连续服药3月后,患者ESS评分由16分降低至9分[87]。
4.3 其他治疗方法 SBD导致的血氧下降可能引起颅内压升高,因此存在SBD症状的脑肿瘤患者应尽早完善PSG监测,积极给予有效无创正压辅助通气(continuous postive airway pressure,CPAP)改善缺氧[18,87-89]。部分脑肿瘤患者SBD症状在手术切除占位后可缓解,对于术后未缓解者,使用CPAP不会增加并发症(如行经鼻蝶垂体瘤切除后的脑脊液漏或颅内积气)的风险[90]。应用CPAP治疗脑肿瘤患者SBD也需关注患者依从性。1例脑干胶质瘤患者合并混合型通气障碍患者自术前开始CPAP治疗至术后1年自行停用,随即出现EDS[91]。
此外,中等强度的有氧运动和力量训练可以通过降低细胞内炎症因子的水平来促进身心健康[92]。对高级别胶质瘤患者术后放疗期间进行12次规律的有氧运动(瑜伽,2~3次/周,每次60 min)可有效改善患者的睡眠质量[93]。在其他研究中,在物理治疗师协助下对胶质瘤患者进行时长6个月、3次/周、每次20~45 min的家庭干预,患者PSQI评分显著下降,同时心肺功能及认知功能也得到了明显提升[94]。但有RCT研究发现在胶质瘤患者术后放疗完成后增加物理治疗(3次/周×90 min×6周)并不能改善患者的失眠、EDS及生活质量[95]。
5 结论
脑肿瘤共病睡眠障碍患病率高且表现复杂,虽然以失眠较为常见,但鞍区和丘脑肿瘤可能导致继发性发作性睡病。对共病SBD的脑肿瘤患者需在手术前后积极完善PSG监测,警惕脑脑肿瘤相关的CSA,必要时给予无创正压辅助通气治疗。脑肿瘤共病睡眠障碍机制虽尚未完全阐明,但临床应尽早识别并给予个性化治疗,这有助于改善患者生存质量及长期预后。
致谢
感谢四川大学华西医院神经内科张新燕博士对本文的校正修改。
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【引用格式】梁强,胡天翼,杨彤,等.脑肿瘤共病睡眠障碍研究进展[J]. 中国神经精神疾病杂志,2025,51(5):314-321.
【Cite this article】LIANG Q,HU T Y,YANG T,et al.Sleep disorders in patients with brain tumors[J]. Chin J Nervous Mental Dis,2025,51(5):314-321.
DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-0152.2025.05.011
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